A literature review tin can be an informative, critical, and useful synthesis of a particular topic. It tin identify what is known (and unknown) in the subject field expanse, identify areas of controversy or argue, and help formulate questions that demand further enquiry. There are several ordinarily used formats for literature reviews, including systematic reviews conducted as primary research projects; reviews written as an introduction and foundation for a inquiry study, such equally a thesis or dissertation; and reviews equally secondary data assay research projects. Regardless of the type, a good review is characterized by the author's efforts to evaluate and critically analyze the relevant work in the field. Published reviews can exist invaluable, because they collect and disseminate evidence from various sources and disciplines to inform professional person practice on a detail topic. This directed reading will introduce the learner to the process of conducting and writing their own literature review.

Selected Searching and Appraising Resources.

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Directed Reading Article

Writing an Constructive Literature Review

Amanda Bolderston, K.R.T.(T), BSc, MSc, FCAMRT

a,

*

a

Princess Margaret Infirmary, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

On completion of this directed reading commodity, readers should be able

to:

1. Define the types of commonly used literature review

2. Discuss literature search strategies

3. Describe methods to critically appraise the resulting literature

4. Define means of synthesizing the evidence into a useful and rel-

evant review

v. Identify ways of writing a readable (and publishable) literature

review

*This article is a directed reading and provides the equivalent of

2 hours of continuing education that may be applied to your

professional person development credit system.

ABSTRACT

A literature review can be an informative, critical, and useful synthe-

sister of a particular topic. It can identify what is known (and unknown)

in the bailiwick expanse, place areas of controversy or debate, and aid

codify questions that demand further inquiry. At that place are several

ordinarily used formats for literature reviews, including systematic

reviews conducted equally primary research projects; reviews written as

an introduction and foundation for a research written report, such as a thesis

or dissertation; and reviews as secondary data analysis research pro-

jects. Regardless of the type, a expert review is characterized by the au-

thor'southward efforts to evaluate and critically analyze the relevant piece of work in

the field. Published reviews tin can be invaluable, because they collect

and disseminate show from diverse sources and disciplines to in-

form professional practise on a particular topic. This directed reading

will introduce the learner to the process of conducting and writing

their own literature review.

RE

´SUME

´

Une analyse documentaire peut eastward

ˆtre une synthe

`se informative, indis-

pensable et utile sur un sujet particulier. Elle peut identifier ce qui est

connu (et inconnu) dans le domaine, identifier les domaines de con-

troverse ou de de

´bat et aide a

`due east

´laborer des questions qui ont besoin de

recherche supple

´mentaire. Il y a plusieurs formats utilise

´sge

´ne

´rale-

ment pour des analyses documentaires, y compris des examens sys-

te

´matiques mene

´s comme des projets de recherche primaires; des

analyses due east

´crites comme introduction et fondement cascade une e

´tude

de recherche, telle qu'une the

`se ou une dissertation; et des due east

´tudes

comme projets de recherche d'analyse de donne

´es secondaires. Inde

´-

pendamment du blazon, une bonne analyse est caracte

´rise

´e par les ef-

forts de fifty'auteur a

`eastward

´valuer et a

`analyser de fac ¸on e

´claire

´e le travail

pertinent dans le domaine. Les due east

´tudes publie

´es peuvent e

ˆtre de tre

`due south

grande valeur pour recueillir et diffuser les preuves de sources et de

disciplines diverses afin d'informer la pratique professionnelle. Cette

lecture dirige

´e initiera l'eastward

´tudiant au processus de mener et d'due east

´crire sa

propre analyse documentaire.

Introduction

The literature review has been called the ''Cinderella'' of re-

search, because information technology is frequently seen as the poor relation to primary

research, or the dull but necessary prelude to a research report

or proposal [1] . Yet, a skillful review tin excerpt new ideas

from others' work by synthesizing and summarizing previous

sources. New theories can be built from the evidence dis-

cussed, and new directions for future research can exist sug-

gested. A literature review can also facilitate the employ of best

available evidence in daily practice, by supplying answers to

clinical questions [2] . Literature reviews are also an ideal first

step into the world of publishing. All the investigator needs is

an initial research question, access to a literature database

(such every bit MEDLINE or CINAHL), and some basic evaluation

and writing skills.

Definition of Literature Reviews

Literature reviews are institute in many places and are written

for many reasons, including ''proposals for funding and for

bookish degrees, in research articles, in guidelines for profes-

sional and evidence-based practice, and in reports to satisfy

personal curiosity'' [3].

* Corresponding author. Radiation Therapy Department,Princess Margaret

Hospital, Room 5-969, 610 University Artery, Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9,

Tel: þ 416-946-4501; Fax: þ416-946-20nineteen.

Electronic mail address: amanda.bolderston@rmp.uhn.on.ca.

1939-8654/08/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

doi: 10.1016/j.jmir.2008.04.009

Periodical of Medical Imaging and Radiations Sciences 39 (2008) 86-92

Journal of Medical Imaging

and Radiation Sciences

Journal de l'imagerie médicale

et des sciences de la radiation

www.elsevier.com/locate/jmir

According to Steward [i] , a good review should be:

Comprehensive: evidence should be gathered from all

relevant sources.

Fully referenced: allowing others to follow the path of the

writer to the newspaper's conclusion.

Selective: using appropriate search strategies to find the

key evidence.

Relevant: focusing on pertinent data.

A synthesis of fundamental themes and ideas.

Balanced: between different ideas and opinions.

Critical: in its appraisal of the literature.

Belittling: developing new ideas and understandings

from the evidence.

A literature review tin can provide a concise examination and

discussion of evidence in a item surface area. When looking for

a quick overview of a topic, published review articles can cover

a wide range of subject thing at various levels of consummate-

ness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature

that may include inquiry findings [4] . Above all, the author

should provide readers with a clear movie of the subject

and its associated range of perspectives and opposing views

and avoid presenting ''dry out and impenetrable lists of poorly

debated facts, randomly selected and referenced'' [4].

Annotated bibliographies and literature reviews have some

similarities. As with the literature review, an annotated bibli-

ography is an account of the enquiry that has been carried out

in a given surface area. However, an annotated bibliography is normally

just a listing of relevant sources with an accompanying brief sum-

mary. Sometimes the annotated bibliography will contain an

assessment of the sources' value or relevance, but there is no

attempt to synthesize the various sources into a coherent con-

clusion reflecting the author's opinion, as is usual in a litera-

ture review.

Types of Literature Reviews

There are several usually used formats for literature re-

views that will be discussed in brief. Even so, this article volition

concentrate on the literature review as a secondary information anal-

ysis leading to a publishable piece of work.

Systematic Reviews

The systematic review is related to the meta-analysis, which

is an attempt to quantitatively condense the results from sev-

eral papers into a unmarried statistic [5] . Creating a systematic re-

view allows for increased ability and precision in estimating

furnishings and risks. In addition, the systematic review is an in-

valuable practise tool. Big quantities of information tin can

be evaluated and synthesized into a shorter document. This

allows clinicians to keep beside of new developments without

having to runway down and read several long reports. Organiza-

tions or policy makers can use systematic reviews to help for-

mulate guidelines to promote the use of best show in

practice [six].

The Cochrane Collaboration is mayhap i of the all-time-

known proponents of systematic reviews designed to reply

clinical questions nearly the effectiveness of treatments. For

case, the Cochrane review on interventions for relieving

the pain and discomfort of screening mammography exam-

ined seven randomized controlled trials involving 1,671

women [vii] . Amidst other things, the report concluded that

giving women written or verbal data about the proce-

dure earlier the mammogram could reduce their pain or

discomfort.

Secondary Data Assay Projects

This type of review is a enquiry project in its ain right

and therefore should be conducted with appropriate rigour.

The secondary information review can be undertaken whether there

is petty known about a subject or where there is a wealth of

information available. Either mode, the researcher should brainstorm

with a clear statement of purpose or a research question [1].

The approach to organizing and analyzing the information acquired

in the secondary data search is more qualitative in nature

and the material is oft organized by theme.

Introduction to a Primary Research Topic

The literature review is used to set the scene for a primary

research topic and therefore tin can be fairly concise. This prelim-

inary evaluation should also serve to convince the reader that

the researcher has considered the previous published work on

the topic and that the new research they have conducted is im-

portant and adds to this body of noesis. The argument

moves from a broad and general appraisal to a more specific

exam of the pertinent issues [8] . This sort of review

is essential to introduce the study and provides a foundation

for the author to formulate a give-and-take of the results.

The Steps of the Literature Review

Although these steps are presented hither in a adequately linear

way, the completion of the review frequently follows a somewhat

complex path. The search (or search results) may need to

be revisited several times during topic option. In addition,

the search is ofttimes revisited as the review develops and new

areas of relevance are identified [9].

Starting Out

The most important preliminary determination for potential

authors is determining why they are performing a literature

review, because this volition influence the approach taken. Is the

finish result to be a publishable research paper, part of a depart-

mental report, an attempt to establish standards and guidelines

for practise, the prelude to a thesis/dissertation, or a personal

undertaking to solve a pressing practise question? Is there

a choice in the topic or is the area of interest already

circumscribed?

Assuming the authors would like to disseminate their work

in a journal and they are fairly free to choose a subject that

interests them, one of the first steps should exist a preliminary,

A. Bolderston/Periodical of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 39 (2008) 86-92 87

fairly superficial search in the relevant expanse. This will ascertain

whether in that location is already enough published literature to pro-

vide a solid base for the review.

The second footstep is to define the focus of the review. Often

the difficulty is not the topic selection, but narrowing the fo-

cus of the review downwards to a manageable size. For example, the

topic of fatigue in people with cancer would yield a vast quan-

tity of information, whereas examining the utilise of practice as

an intervention to relieve fatigue symptoms in radiation ther-

apy patients would reduce the field considerably. The ques-

tion, search strategy, and criteria for excluding studies from

the review are decided before conducting the literature search

and should all be explicitly defined in the ''Methods'' section

of the final commodity [10].

Keywords are the words used to find relevant and useful

material during the search. The keywords chosen for the

search are important, as they are ''the cornerstone of an effec-

tive search'' [9] . Before starting, it is important to consider all

possible words that might chronicle to the topic. This includes

synonyms and alternate terms (for example, the word renal

is an alternate term for kidney). Spelling is as well worth consid-

ering; a search for ''hematology'' may exclude Canadian or

British articles (where the term used may be ''haematology'').

Some databases let truncation (using function of a give-and-take), Bool-

ean searching (for expanding, joining, or excluding fundamental-

words), and other functions to refine and focus a search.

Searches tin can be restricted by other factors such as the linguistic communication

of the publication, full text but, review papers but, year of

publication, and so on. It is worth exploring the online sup-

port options of the database y'all are using, because many da-

tabases incorporate information on the useful search features

bachelor, or even offer online tutorials.

Nigh databases apply a so-called controlled vocabulary to

establish common search terms (or keywords). This ensures

a consistent manner of retrieving information that may utilize differ-

ent terminology for the same concept. The National Library

of Medicine's preferred list of terms is called Medical Subject

Headings (or MeSH terms) [11] . This continually updated

list of more 19,000 terms is used by numerous health

organizations, databases (including MEDLINE), and medical

libraries to index data. Familiarity with MeSH terms

and their employ volition facilitate keyword pick and the resulting

database searches.

Searching the Literature

Spending time planning the search strategy is important,

because a well-conducted search will identify the relevant ar-

ticles and texts and ultimately yield higher quality work. It is

across the scope of this article to offering more than a brief

overview of the process. However, there is a plethora of infor-

mation readily available on conducting effective literature

searches (Effigy 1 ). I invaluable source of information is

your local medical librarian or information specialist who

may offer tutorials on searching medical databases or person-

alized help with literature searches. The writer should

keep track of the search strategy to ensure the procedure is

rigorous, explicit, and comprehensive [ix] . The strategy tin

be communicated in the ''Methods'' department of the published

article; this allows readers to follow the author'southward class of

activeness.

The authors must decide on the bailiwick that all-time covers

their surface area of involvement. The most obvious for medical radiation

technologists and therapists would be the medical radiation

sciences, and would include journals such equally the Journal of

Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Radiography or Radio-

logic Technology. However, relevant information may exist institute

in other disciplines such every bit nursing, medicine, other allied

health professions, psychology, sociology, and instruction.

Well-nigh literature searches today are electronic, considering many

health centre or hospital libraries accept evolved from reposito-

ries of journals and texts into information centres staffed by

expert librarians or information specialists. All the same, books

can provide useful information in certain topic areas. It is

worth begetting in listen that some texts can go speedily

outdated, and periodical manufactures may comprise more than recent infor-

mation. The Internet is also a source of information that tin

be accessed. Intendance must be taken when appraising Web sites

for accuracy of information, because much of the material is

unregulated. Wikipedia [12] , for case, is a popular source

of data and contains more than 2 million manufactures.

However, the content can be edited by anyone; thus, reliabil-

ity is an issue. In that location are many reputable health Spider web sites that

can be accessed; some via gateways that screen each listed site

for quality (Table one).

The ''grey'' literature is defined as whatsoever cloth that is non

commercially published, and therefore not searchable using

electronic databases. Grey literature can also include confer-

ence proceedings, dissertations, theses, government informa-

tion, and commission reports. The importance of accessing

this type of information will vary according to the blazon of lit-

erature review beingness written. Information technology has been suggested that these

types of sources are only required for Chief's level work and

across [13] . However, grey literature may be an of import

source of information for the emergent disciplines of the

Manufactures

Brettle, A., & Gambling, T. (2003) Needle in a haystack? Effective

literature searching for research. Radiography 9, 229–236.

Marshall, G. (2005) Critiquing a research article. Radiography 11, 55– 59.

Books

Hart, C. (2001) Doing a literature search: a comprehensive guide for

the social sciences. London: Sage.

Fink, A. (2004) Conducting research literature reviews: from the

cyberspace to paper. 2nd ed. London: Sage.

Online

Doing quality literature searches. Yale University School of Medicine.

http://www.med.yale.edu/library/didactics/hic/searching.html

The University of Sydney. Information literacy - Doing a Literature

Search.

http://www.health.usyd.edu.au/current/research/litsearch.php

National Library of Medicine Medical Field of study Headings (MeSH) Index

http://world wide web.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html

Figure ane. Selected Searching and Appraising Resources.

88 A. Bolderston/Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 39 (2008) 86-92

medical radiations sciences. For case, pertinent material

may simply be available as posters or presentations delivered

at conferences (published merely in the conference syllabus) or

as articles published in journals that are not indexed in the

major databases [14].

As articles come to lite, accurate references and notes

must be kept. There are several methods of capturing refer-

ences. One of the easiest is to cut and paste the information

into a Word certificate to be appended to the finished article

equally a reference list. References can as well be written onto index

cards with a summary of the commodity's key points. Equally an alter-

native, there are several reference management software pack-

ages commercially available such as EndNote, Reference

Manager, and ProCite. The reference style to be used will

vary from journal to periodical, although the American Medical

Clan fashion used by PubMed and MEDLINE is fairly

common.

In addition to literature captured by the initial database

search, the reference lists of the articles found can be scanned

for more manufactures that may take been missed. It should be

adequately obvious who the experts are in the area of interest; it

may besides exist worthwhile doing some other search using their

names for further information. Depending on the subscrip-

tions held past the organization, some of the articles discovered

through the databases may be available for complimentary download. If

this is not the case, the article may be available for interlibrary

loan or in difficult copy locally. Sometimes colleagues with uni-

versity affiliations may be able to admission hard-to-source infor-

mation through university libraries.

There is some debate about relevant and recent research

dates being included in literature reviews [15] . It is generally

acknowledged that recent literature is the near electric current,

although it is important to include any seminal work in the

field using the original primary sources regardless of the dates

of the original research.

Appraising the Literature

The ability to critically appraise literature and weigh the

evidence is central to the tenets of evidence-based patient

care, which is i of the principal driving forces behind health

intendance today [xvi] . A literature review, when done well, can aid

practitioners sift through the vast amounts of published infor-

mation and assist in their clinical decision-making.

When reviewing the literature, it is best to concentrate on

primary evidence rather than secondary evidence when possi-

ble. Primary prove is original research such as clinical trials,

studies, or statistical reports. Secondary prove includes ar-

ticles in which the writer reports on original research or data

(such every bit a literature review). Including mainly primary evi-

dence ensures that the reader can interpret the original evi-

dence for herself or himself and eliminates potential bias or

inaccuracies from second-hand reports of other people's

work [17].

Literature is by and large categorized according to the per-

ceived forcefulness of the evidence it contains; thus, the review

should discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the articles

reviewed. In that location are many standard methods bachelor for

systematizing this process, mainly based on quantitative

research show. For example, the Centre for Evidence

Based Medicine's comprehensive ''Levels of Bear witness'' tool

[18] stratifies studies into x levels from the highest brownie

(a homogenous systematic review) to the lowest (a slice

Tabular array 1

Electronic Sources of Data

Database URL Characteristics

PubMed www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov The National Library of Medicine'south free search service. Available through the World wide web.

Rapid updates of published textile.

Some free full text material.

MEDLINE world wide web.nlm.nih.gov Contains abstracts and references from 1966 to the nowadays.

Combines more than than three,900 medical and nursing journals into a single database.

Includes Canadian Journal of Medical Radiation Technology, Radiography and Radiologic

Engineering science.

CINAHL www.cinahl.com The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health contains abstracts and references from

1966 to the present.

Equally well as more than than one,700 journals, CINAHL provides access to wellness care books,

dissertations, selected conference proceedings, standards of professional practise, and

educational software.

Show-based Databases

Cochrane Database of

Systematic Reviews

www.cochrane.org Includes full text of the regularly updated systematic reviews of the effects of healthcare prepared

by The Cochrane Collaboration.

Costless summaries are available; the full version is subscription simply.

BMJ Clinical Evidence world wide web.clinicalevidence.bmj.com The British Medical Journal 'southward online determination-support resources describing the best available

evidence from systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, and observational studies.

Health Information Gateways

Health on the Net www.hon.ch Non-profit, not-governmental organization, accredited to the Economic and Social Council of

the Un for patients and health care professionals.

National Library for Health world wide web.library.nhs.great britain Funded by the United kingdom's National Health Service for patients and health care professionals.

A. Bolderston/Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiations Sciences 39 (2008) 86-92 89

expressing adept stance without explicit critical appraisal).

These tools can be useful for grading testify, but promul-

gate the notion that the randomized controlled trial is the

gold standard against which all other forms of research should

exist compared [one].

In reality, the evidence being sifted for a literature review

volition usually cover a broad variety of published material from

descriptive articles with little discussion or analysis to review

manufactures that summarize and evaluate research. Information technology may also in-

clude reports of completed research and fifty-fifty single-writer

opinion pieces. To complicate things further, the results of

the search tin comprise data from both peer-reviewed

and non–peer-reviewed sources. The peer review process in

respected journals is an indicator that the cloth is held to

a high standard. However, non–peer-reviewed articles can of-

ten add important information and should not be discounted.

As a rule of thumb, the literature resulting from the search

must be appraised in a fairly broad way and the appraisal

needs to be sensitive to the format of the publication. This

will let the author to weight the information from each

source for inclusion and contribution to the conclusions of

the final literature review.

Other questions to consider when reading the gathered

material include the following [19–21].

1. Does this chronicle to the question posed by the literature

review?

2. Is the problem or consequence and its significance (scope, sever-

ity, relevance) conspicuously defined?

3. Could the problem accept been meliorate addressed from

another perspective?

iv. What is the research orientation (eg, quantitative, qual-

itative, mixed methods)?

5. Has the author fairly evaluated the literature, including

literature taking a position she or he does not agree

with?

6. Does the author appeal to emotion or utilise rhetoric?

Does in that location seem to be an objective basis to the

reasoning?

7. Does the material add to the understanding of the field?

Is it useful for exercise?

8. In a qualitative written report, how transparent are the author's

methods and approaches? Is there an try to show

the trustworthiness of the results? This may include:

a. Triangulation: using more than one method of data

capture

b. An audit trail: practisecumentation of decisions made

during data drove/analysis

c. Peer review: independent review of the themes by

team members or peers not involved in the enquiry

d. Member checking: interpretations of the data are

shared with participants

e. Data saturation: data are gathered continuously

until all themes are exhausted

f. Negative case analysis: looking for contrasting expe-

riences/examples to disprove emerging theories

9. In a quantitative inquiry written report, how good are the com-

ponents of the study pattern? This may include:

a. Sampling size and techniques

b. Are the results generalizable to a wider population?

c. Stated strengths and weaknesses of the study

d. Threats to the study'southward reliability and validity

e. Was the power of the study calculated?

f. Are at that place any obvious biases?

g. Are thursdaye conclusions validly based on the data and

the analysis?

Many reviews contain a summary table designed to nowadays

an overview of the articles discussed in the review and their

key findings. This can add together clarity and make the process of fol-

lowing the author's evolution of the review easier for the

reader. The headings of the table will depend on the purpose

of the review. For example, in a review of the literature per-

taining to radiotherapy for bone metastases and fractionation

schedules, McKee [22] presented the studies used co-ordinate

to appointment, written report size, fractionation schedule, and study conclu-

sions. McKee as well summarized the studies according to level

of evidence (ie, giving the highest weight to evidence from

randomized controlled trials).

In synthesizing the bear witness, the author will attempt to

bring together the material that has been presented. The

reader should trust that the bug have been represented accu-

rately and fairly and be left with a mental map of the territory

that allows them to explore previously unanticipated areas,

formulate their ain ideas and opinions, and decide where

they might want to travel to in the time to come.

Writing the Concluding Commodity

At that place are several proficient texts, online sources, or summary

articles that can provide further guidance for novice writers

(Figure 2 ). General advice on writing for publication usually

includes setting fourth dimension (and infinite) aside for writing, among

other words of wisdom. When putting the final commodity to-

gether, many writers find that their thoughts are non organized

in a linear fashion. Ideas tin be adult in different areas

simultaneously and and so reorganized in a later draft. Information technology has

been noted that medical radiation technologists and therapists

do non have a well-established tradition of research to reflect

on when writing for publication. This may brand the first

footstep into submission for publication quite daunting [23] .It

is therefore helpful to recruit the support of a colleague

who has experience in writing to critique the article as it is

being developed and to offer support.

The article will brainstorm with the ''Introduction'' section; this

will provide the framework for the reader by providing a brief

summary of the surface area of interest, the relevance to the reader

and the paper's intent. The ''Methods'' section will describe

the search strategy, including the databases used and other

sources of information explored. It will too include the key-

words used (including MeSH terms if appropriate), likewise as

the inclusion and exclusion criteria and an caption of why

these were selected.

90 A. Bolderston/Periodical of Medical Imaging and Radiations Sciences 39 (2008) 86-92

For the ''Discussion'' section, or body of the article, it is

easier to break the primary department up into thematic areas and

treat each area as a mini-review. This section tin likewise be or-

ganized chronologically depending on the focus of the review.

Each department should be as comprehensive equally possible. The re-

view should exist balanced and acknowledge controversies, un-

answered questions, issues of bias, and differing opinions. If

there is evidence, information technology should be emphasized and rated for its

quality. The important information from the article's thenurces

should be recapitulated, simply also synthesized by rephrasinthou the

significance of the work and relating it dorsum to the question

posed by the literature review [24] . Tables and figures can

highlight fundamental points in the text, and a summary table of the

references beingness discussed is frequently helpful.

The decision should answer the ''so what'' ques-

tiond namely, will this article change exercise or add together to the

word on the subject area? What should the reader accept

away from the review? Is there a theoretical framework that

can be constructed from the literature that would contribute

to do? Are there gaps in cognition that can be answered

by further research? The writer will refer back to the literature

and bring pertinent points to the fore. Key issues from the

review will be synthesized and reflected on.

It is oftentimes useful to look at examples of literature reviews

that have been published in the area of involvement or the target

journal. Yet, at that place are a few general points to bear in

listen when crafting the final commodity. It is important that the

writer keeps his or her own voice throughout the process;

therefore, quotations from other authors should be used spar-

ingly. More often than not, several drafts will be needed before the article

is finished. The peer-review process after submission to a jour-

nal will undoubtedly produce several areas for revision, but

hopefully these can be minimized with wise counsel. Normally

the author will have a specific journal in listen for submission.

Almost all journals take online style guides for authors. It is

well worth consulting this before writing upwardly the review, be-

cause the article may be returned if it does not follow the jour-

nal'due south format. Often the guidelines are very detailed and may

help the writing process past providing a framework for the

emerging article.

Withal the writing is carried out, the terminate result should

exist ''a skilful read. literature reviews should get the reader go-

ing!'' [i].

Conclusion

''Originality rarely means starting from scratch, merely looking to

expand that which is already known [25].''

A proficient review tin can exist an invaluable tool to the practitioner,

providing a succinct summary and assay of the pertinent

information in a given area. Equally ''discursive prose'' [xviii] , a re-

view can be enlightening, challenging, and readable. At that place are

many rewards associated with producing a useful piece of

work. A literature review can provide the fledgling researcher

or author with the first step into the rewarding earth of

publishing.

It is hoped that this commodity volition encourage readers to inves-

tigate topics within their ain professional surface area of interest

and consider submitting their own literature review for

publication.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to give thanks Cate Palmer and Angela

Cashell for their generous help with editing this article.

References

[ane] Steward, B. (2004). Writing a literature review. Br J Occup Ther 67,

495–500.

[two] Brettle, A., & Gambling, T. (2003). Needle in a haystack? Effective

literature searching for research. Radiography 9, 229–236.

[3] Fink, A. (2004). Conducting research literature reviews: from the inter-

net to paper, (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

[iv] MeSH headings. US National Library of Medicine. http://www.nlm.

nih.gov/mesh/ Accessed Feb 7th, 2008.

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... The researcher identified four different databases, namely Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The four databases were based on the number of articles they concord on public health topics such every bit e-cigarettes smoking and the quality of available manufactures (Bolderston, 2008;Onwuegbuzie, Leech and Collins, 2012;Bandara, Furtmueller, Gorbacheva, Miskon and Beekhuyzen, 2015). They have peer-reviewed manufactures, thus increasing the quality and reliability of the manufactures. ...

... The search keywords and phrases were replicated in the remaining three databases. This was to ensure uniformity for the obtained findings in the ILR search (Bolderston, 2008;Onwuegbuzie, Leech and Collins, 2012). In one case the search procedure was consummate, the next step was to determine the relevant and feasible articles for utilise. ...

  • Tha'er Kanaan
  • Nayef Alkhrasha
  • Mahmoud Al-Masaeed Mahmoud Al-Masaeed

Significance and Aim: The effects of cigarettes smoking on both smokers and not-smoker accept been an effect of global public wellness concern. This led to the emergence of due east-cigarettes as an alternative to help smokers in their smoking quitting journey. However, it has remained unclear on the public wellness costs this has on the non-smokers. The ILR Review is developed to examine the public health the use of east-cigarettes have on non-smokers. Methods: The ILR sourced data from four databases Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. This was through a keyword search process using the 'e-cigarettes' or 'vaping' AND 'addiction' AND 'non-smokers' AND 'furnishings OR 'consequences, search phrases. The search protocol was replicated for all the databases. The findings from the search process were Scopus (419), Medline (283), CINAHL (311), and Google Scholar (321). The ILR applied inclusion and exclusion criteria and the Course model to assess the quality of the articles. Consequently, just 23 articles remained for analysis and inclusion in the ILR findings. Finally, the manufactures were screed through the EQUATOR PRISMA tool and extracted in readiness for analysis. Findings and Assay: The results demonstrate that the use of e-cigarettes has 2 leading public health implications on non-smokers, namely (i) the risk of new addictions and (ii) the risk of health-related illnesses. The findings affirm that the ease of accessing the e-cigarettes, the marketing craze, and the low cost of acquiring them has exposed a rising number of young people to its new addiction. The addiction could at times progress into tobacco smoking addiction. Secondly, the findings bespeak that second manus smoke exposure, also known as passive smoking exposes the public to increased lung cancer, lung diseases and COPD illnesses. Decision: The ILR concludes that e-cigarettes have far-reaching public health concerns on non-smokers. This necessitates the need for increased restrictions and control on the e-cigarettes admission and availability. This is in addition to enacting strict regulations on smoking areas and freedom.

... Tinjauan literatur dapat menjadi sebuah sumbangsih yang informatif, kritis, dan bermanfaat bagi dunia akademis dalam membantu mengembangkan rumusan pertanyaan lanjutan untuk penelitian di masa yang akan datang (Bolderston, 2008). Dengan kata lain, tinjauan literatur bertujuan untuk memperkaya wawasan baru mengenai pengetahuan tersebut dengan cara membangun dasar penyelidikan akademis (Xiao & Watson, 2019). ...

  • Asti Prasetyawati

Era digital telah mengubah praktik kehumasan pemerintah menjadi humas digital. Berbagai informasi dan pesan formal resmi dari pemerintah kini dapat dikemas dengan cara yang lebih ringan dan menarik melalui berbagai platform media baru, salah satunya melalui media sosial seperti TikTok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak dari pemanfaatan TikTok dalam menyosialisasikan konten-konten serius yang dilakukan oleh humas pemerintah di Republic of indonesia, khususnya oleh Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi lewat akun TikTok @kemenkomarves, dengan menggunakan metode observasi sekunder dan tinjauan literatur. Studi ini ingin menganalisis lebih jauh mengenai pemanfaatan TikTok dalam menyebarkan konten- konten serius yang dilakukan oleh humas Kemenko Marves. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya dualisme dampak yang ditimbulkan TikTok dalam melakukan penyebaran konten humas Kemenko Marves. Meskipun penyebaran informasi melalui TikTok berpotensi dapat mereduksi esensi asli pesan, namun hal ini juga sekaligus menjadikan informasi tersebut menjadi dekat dan mudah dimengerti oleh masyarakat. Untuk itu, dibutuhkan adaptasi teknologi dan strategi humas digital yang tepat agar humas pemerintah dapat menciptakan konten-konten digital yang menarik dan diminati oleh masyarakat luas. The digital era has changed government public relations practices into digital public relations. Several official data and messages from the authorities could be formed in a lighter and more than attractive way through various new media platforms; ane of them is through social media like TikTok. This report aims to clarify the impact of TikTok in disseminating serious content carried out by government public relations in Indonesia, especially by the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment through @kemenkomarves TikTok business relationship, using secondary observation and literature review methods. This study is intended to analyse further the use of TikTok in disseminating serious content carried out past public relations of Kemenko Marves. The results of this report indicate the dualism of the bear upon acquired by TikTok in transmitting Kemenko Marves public relations content. Although the dissemination of information through TikTok can reduce the original essence of the message, it also makes the information closer and like shooting fish in a barrel to understand for the public. For this reason, appropriate technology adaptation and digital public relations strategies are needed to brand the regime public relations create digital content that is attractive for guild.

... The systematic literature review (SLR) method is a method of literature review that identifies, evaluates, and extracts / sites research findings that are useful in answering determining research questions [48]. Bolderston [49] revealed that a expert literature review adopts several of import rules, such as: (1) is able to extract new ideas from previous research past synthesizing and summarizing previous sources. New theories tin can exist congenital from the evidence discussed and may provide new directions for future enquiry. ...

Industrial sustainability is an important attribute and becomes a parameter of the concern success. Quality improvement with an indicator of increasing procedure capability will affect productivity improvements and lead to industrial competitiveness and maintain industrial sustainability. The purpose of this newspaper is to obtain a human relationship between the consistency of the DMAIC phase to increment the sigma level in productivity improvement and industrial sustainability. This paper practical for a systematic literature review from various sources of trusted articles from 2006 to 2019 using the keywords "Six Sigma, Productivity, and Industrial Sustainability." A matrix was developed to provide synthesis and summary of the literature. Six Sigma approach has been successful in reducing product variation, defects, cycle fourth dimension, production costs, as well equally increasing client satisfaction, cost savings, profits, and competitiveness to maintain industrial sustainability. Extraction and synthesis in this study managed to obtain seven objectives value that found a consistent relationship between the DMAIC phase of increasing sigma levels, productivity, and industrial sustainability. The wide scope of Half dozen Sigma literature is very beneficial for organizations to empathize the critical variables and key success factors in Half-dozen Sigma implementation, which leads to substantial long-term continuous improvement, the value of money, and business.

... Uma boa revisão pode extrair novas ideias do trabalho de outros, sintetizando e resumindo every bit fontes anteriores. Além disso, novas teorias podem ser construídas a partir das evidências discutidas e novas direções para pesquisas podem ser sugeridas (Bolderston, 2008). ...

A infraestrutura rodoviária é um ativo chave de governos e economias em todo o mundo. Entretanto, bone impactos da mudança climática tais como aumentos na temperatura/ilhas de calor, fenômenos frequentes de congelamento e descongelamento, precipitação intensa e inundações, aumento exercise nível do mar e tempestades têm comprometido severamente sua integridade e segurança. Dessa forma, este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma robusta eastward atual revisão da literatura para identificação east análise dos principais estudos sobre riscos e impactos da mudança climática na infraestrutura rodoviária. Além disso, é dada uma atenção aos métodos que podem ser aplicados para identificação de risco climático e às possíveis medidas de adaptação que podem ser empregadas para tornar a infraestrutura rodoviária mais resiliente. Bone resultados indicam que é necessário identificar a infraestrutura rodoviária que corre alto risco de ser afetada por determinado eventos climáticos (infraestrutura crítica) e considerar várias estratégias para tornar a adaptação mais eficaz ao seu contexto. Além disso, gerenciar esse ativo requer uma tomada de decisão eficiente por meio de um processo de planejamento participativo (refletindo assim o conhecimento e sugestões locais), bem como dados espaciais prévios para avaliar o desempenho da infraestrutura de transportes para a gestão rodoviária.

... Pada dasarnya, literature review terfokus pada pertanyaan penelitian, mencoba untuk mengidentifikasi, menilai, memilih dan mensintesis semua bukti penelitian yang memiliki kualitas tinggi dan argumentasi yang relevan dengan permasalahan yang akan dibahas [xiv]. Pembahasan dalam literature review ini diarahkan untuk mengatur garis besar pemikiran yang jelas tentang pemecahan masalah yang telah dirumuskan sebelumnya. ...

  • Tukinem Tukinem

Penelitian ini berawal dari pendidikan anak-anak yang terkadang kurang diperhatikan dari sisi agama Islam. Hal ini Terkait dengan kebiasaan (akhlaknya) dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Orang tua hendaknya juga memberikan keteladanan dalam semua sisi kehdiupan, terlebih dalam membiasakan anak-anak untuk berakhlak mulia sesuai yang dicontohkan nabi Muhammad Saw. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tahapan-tahapan dalam mendidik anak dalam perspektif Islam. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah mendidik anak dengan lima tahapan al-Qudwah (keteladan), al-'Adah (pembiasaan), al-Mauidzah (memberi nasehat), al-Mulahadhah (memperhatikan potensi anak), al-'Uqubah (memberikan hukuman). Kelima tahapan tersebut hendaknya dibiasakan sejak dini (dalam keluarga). Sebagai seorang pendidik (guru) hendaklah menanamkan kelima tahapan tersebut di lingkungan pendidikan (sekolah). Selanjutnya orang tua dan guru perlu mengenali dan mengetahu bakat (potensi) anak-anak sejak dini. Dalam memberikan hukuman (al-uqubah) hendaknya dengan prinsip-prinsip ajaran Islam. Fungsi hukuman adalah untuk mendidik dan wujud kasih sayang dari orang tua (guru). pemberian hukuman juga disesuaikan dengan usia dan perkembangan anak-anak.

... Boote & Beile, 2005;Bolderston, 2008; ...

Modern global challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic force economic entities to develop and implement new strategies for managing economic systems, and states to form new concepts and visions for the further operation and development of economic entities and mechanisms for overcoming the consequences of socioeconomic crises. Comeback of modern strategies and mechanisms of anti-crunch management of economic systems and social processes is incommunicable without the utilise of scientific approaches and applied tools for optimizing the resource provision of economic entities, the formation various models of public-private partnership, collaboration of various infrastructure entities and the creation of institutional associations. To ensure the effective development and implementation of new concepts, strategies and mechanisms for managing economic systems it is necessary to use modern information technologies and innovations, create competitive advantages past enhancing the resource potential of economic entities, and develop promising and export-oriented sectors of the economy. The purpose of writing this scientific monograph is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations, the formation and comeback of new concepts, strategies for the further functioning of economic systems and the develop of organizational-economic mechanisms to overcome the negative consequences caused by the COVID-19 pandemic taking into account the changes and challenges in the modern world. The object of the authors' research was the process of forming and improving concepts, strategies and mechanisms for managing economic systems in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, mitigating negative consequences on the activities of economical entities. The subject of the research was socio-economic, organizational and institutional processes of germination and effective implementation of concepts, strategies and mechanisms for managing economic systems; maintaining the stability of the functioning of economic entities; development of digital technologies; implementation of the best practices for managing economic systems using global experience in various sectors of the economy acquired past the COVID-19 pandemic.

... dan memaknai strategic communication. Di samping itu, literature review juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekstrasi dan membangun ide-ide baru dari karya ilmiah (scientific journal) para akademisi dan teorisasinya tentang strategic advice yang kemudian disintesiskan dengan sumber-sumber lain yang relevan(Bolderston 2008). Karya ilmiah tentang strategic communication dari para akademisi yang digunakan sebagai sumber utama dalam artikel ini bisa ditelusuri dari edisi khusus International Journal of Strategic Advice yang diterbitkan tahun 2007 dan 2018, serta beberapa artikel yang relevan dengan masalah pembangunan teori stratergic communication dalam Handbook of Strategic Communication yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2014. ...

Strategic communication merupakan konsep dan kajian yang relatif baru dalam ilmu komunikasi. Sebelumnya, konsep strategic communication banyak digunakan dalam kajian militer dan ilmu pemerintahan terkait dengan internasional relations. Sebagai konsep baru, tidak mengherankan jika banyak perbedaan pandangan tentang makna strategic communication, terkait dengan posisi ilmu komunikasi, kesamaanya dengan public relations dan corporate communication, sampai paradigma yang digunakan. Artikel ini telah mengeksplorasi berbagai makna tentang strategic communication dengan tujuan memaknai strategic communication yang berbasis ilmu komunikasi dengan menolak sikap taken-for-granted sebagai bagian dari management strategy. Berangkat dari penjelasan tersebut dan dengan menggunakan metode literature review, strategic communication dimaknai sebagai proses komunikasi antar aktor dalam organisasi yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk interaksi yang saling memahami dan bekerjasama untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi dengan berbasis paradigma postmodernisme.

  • Muhammad Fauzan Lubis
  • Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan
  • Hafid Syahputra Hafid Syahputra
  • Ririn Astyka

According to some studies, two-thirds of the world'due south establish species take therapeutic worth. Saurauia vulcanii (Korth.) is one of them. This is something that can be found in Indonesia. Traditionally, this herb was known every bit pirdot and was used to cure diabetes. This article examines the scientific activities of pirdot leaves as well as their rubber for usage. This study used a literature review article every bit its design. Searching for related publications using data from Pubmed, Proquest, Ebsco, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for the last ten years (2011–2021) yielded 141 articles. There are fourteen pertinent articles that explore their substance and application in health. The content of secondary metabolites that have been reported proves that pirdot has properties as an antidiabetic, immunostimulant, antidiarrhoea, anticholesterol, and hepatoprotective.

  • Maria Alhadad
  • Rosmini Omar
  • Mohamed Dashti

The purpose of this newspaper is to explore the theories pertaining to the dynamics of contextual factors, technology paradox, and job performance of employees then every bit to answer specific questions related to the theories' progressive advancement, and to evaluate the relationships amidst them in the context of mobile phones, using the bear witness-based systematic review methodology. The term engineering science paradox has evolved over past decades, and theories have been postulated to explain its nature and relationships with its antecedents and outcomes; however, there is a dearth in the integrative models. Thus, the theory of paradox has been combined with other theoretical lenses to anticipate tensions and responses to enrich extant theories on applied science paradox and chore performance. The finding of the written report identifies vii research gaps in the bachelor literature, which need to be plugged and so that a holistic model is developed to address the interrelationships amid the aforementioned research constructs.

  • Nusrhamira Afiqah Binti Mohd Shamsuri
  • Anita Anita
  • Liyana Syahira Binti Kamaruddin
  • Nurin Auni Syauqina Binti Azhan

This research study aiming at identifying the sources of the ESL students' speaking anxiety in English speaking comprehension and identifying the strategies used by ESL students to overcome speaking feet in English form. This research used a qualitative approach that employed a instance study and gathrered the data through interviewing eight undergraduate students from a private academy in Shah Alam Malaysia. All the interview questions covered iii components, they were communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation and test feet and the strategies that were used by the respondents to overcome their speaking feet. The data assay technique used was descriptive qualitative. Equally the upshot, the researcher institute that anxiety, usually felt by most second language learners contributed by some factors that came from the students and too from teachers. Therefore, to bargain with these atmospheric condition, both teachers and students demand to take part in contributing to what they can practice to eliminate the speaking feet. Since the success of learning linguistic communication mostly depends on the communication skills that definitely requires a lot of effort to make the learning journeying meaningful.

This paper provides an overview of qualitative research and highlights the benefits of a qualitative approach to research in the radiations sciences milieu. Qualitative research methodologies can exist used independently of, or to heighten, quantitative approaches. We draw attention to the process of generating a qualitative research question. In addition, we provide an overview of the purpose, benefits and drawbacks of the four main qualitative enquiry methodologies: interviews, focus groups, ascertainment studies and chart (document review), for you to consider for your next enquiry endeavour.

  • Lisa Anne Ruth-sahd Lisa Anne Ruth-sahd
  • Cindy King

This manuscript volition assistance the novice writer with the publication process. This volition walk the prospective author through selecting a topic, searching the literature, following through with the submission of the manuscript and the editorial review process, and finally emphasizing the rewards of publication. Forth the way, helpful tips will be highlighted to raise your chances of getting your manuscript accepted for publication.

  • Lucy McKee

Groundwork and purposePalliative radiotherapy provides pain relief for patients with painful os metastases. The practice amid radiations oncologists equally to whether a big single fraction is most constructive, or whether multiple smaller fractions are preferable in providing the quickest, most durable pain relief is inconsistent.